Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a popular technology for wastewater treatment due to their superior removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their outstanding resistance to fouling, chemical resistanc

Wastewater treatment systems are facing increasing challenges to efficiently remove pollutants and produce high-quality effluent. Traditional methods often face difficulties in eliminating certain contaminants, leading to water quality concerns. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a